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Penicillin, one of the first antibiotic derived from the Penicillium mold .
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It was discovered by ALEXANDER FLEMING, who first observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in those areas of a culture that had been accidentally contaminated by Penicillium notatum .
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Protocol of #cloning
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Cefepime (Maxipime) is a powerful, broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic commonly used in the inpatient and intensive care unit (ICU) settings to treat a myriad of infections. As a fourth generation cephalosporin, cefepime covers many gram positive and gram negative organisms (including Pseudomonas). As an intensivist, I use this antibiotic for everything from hospital acquired pneumonia and complicated urinary infections to empiric coverage for neutropenic fever. ⚕️
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During my ICU fellowship, there were several instances where I encountered cefepime-related encephalopathy. Unlike more clear-cut drug-related side effects, this is a diagnosis of exclusion that can be confounded by the clinical situation itself (ie, overwhelming sepsis can certainly cause altered mentation). Nevertheless, it's prudent to always consider narrowing a patient's antibiotic regimen when appropriate!
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It's important to understand that cefepime does not provide coverage for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococci, and anaerobic organisms. This is why I often combine it with vancomycin (covers MRSA) and metronidazole (covers anaerobes) or replace cefepime with agents like meropenem or pipercillin/tazobactam.
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Tag a friend interested in pharmacology/antibiotics, let me know if/where you’ve seen cefepime used, and drop me a comment with questions!
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Microbiology is my favourite subject - so glad I have two micro modules this semester!
Qotd: what is your favourite subject?
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Which one’s your favourite?
FASTING: Fasting locks down glucose, and forces us to use fatty acids for energy, which the bacteria are unable to use. You are basically starving the bacteria out.
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GARLIC: Research has found that garlic can be an effective treatment against many forms of bacteria, including Salmonella and E. coli.
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Ginger: Several studies, including one published in 2017, have demonstrated ginger's ability to fight many strains of bacteria.
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HORSERADISH ROOT: Horseradish root contains isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are proven to hold antibacterial properties.
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ONION: Has incredible compounds (including sulfur – just like the antibiotics) that fight infections and boost your immune system.
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GOLDENSEAL: Results of a recent study support the use of goldenseal to treat skin infections. In a lab, goldenseal extracts were used to prevent MRSA from damaging tissue.
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OREGANO OIL: Some studies show that oregano is among the more effective natural antibiotics, particularly when it is made it into an oil.
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TURMERIC: In research, the curcumin in turmeric was shown to be effective against Helicobacter pylori common in gastroduodenal ulcers regardless of the genetic makeup of the strain. The administration of curcumin also resolved any gastric damage caused by the infection.
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ECHINACEA: A study published in the Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology reports that extract of Echinacea purpurea can kill many different kinds of bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes).
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CLOVE: Clove has traditionally been used in dental procedures. Research is now finding that clove water extract may be effective against many different kinds of bacteria, including E. coli.