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I love redundancy when it comes to network design. Here are some quick guides to get you up to speed with Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D). Note that STP works at a per VLAN level.
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1/10. Enable spanning tree per VLAN. Rapid spanning tree is the better alternative with faster convergence. Default hello timer for spanning tree is 2 seconds, so resending BID, cost and root BID every 2 seconds to all nodes. MaxAge timer is default to be 10X the hello timer, so default to 20 seconds. This means it has to wait 20 seconds before it realizes something has gone down on the network.
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2/10. When the MaxAge timer runs out, the port goes into listening mode. This lasts for 15 seconds by default.
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3/10. After listening, the port goes into a learning state. This default time is 15 seconds.
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4/10. After listening and learning, the switches determine the root switch and each port goes into a forward or blocking state. The one blocking port prevents a circular loop. Each device has a one Root Port for the port that gives the lowest cost to the root switch. .
5/10. When we shut down an interface that used to be forwarding, we force Spanning Tree to find an alternate path. This change resulted in the ports goto listening states, then learning states, then forwarding states as shown. With default values, this took about 50 seconds. .
6/10. Basic show command to determine STP info. STP typically works by default on Cisco devices, so these show commands can get you oriented quickly after connecting the cables. Notice the default Hello, MaxAge timers are listed along with the priority for the root and the costs.
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7/10. Show the details of the root from the different devices. This tells you the root port of a non-root switch. The port is blank when it's the root device itself. VLAN and priority and MAC address info also shown with timer values.
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Trunks are awesome when setting up multiple VLANs. They essentially act as the highway for all VLAN tags to travel over. remember VLANs and Trunks are a Layer 2 (frame) concept. I used 802.1q (Dot1q) for encapsulation because it is not dependent on Cisco like ISL is.
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In each of the graphics presented it shows a different port configuration depending on the goal of the port. A summary table on the last graphic shows the different configuration options between two links.
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